( ISSN 2277 - 9809 (online) ISSN 2348 - 9359 (Print) ) New DOI : 10.32804/IRJMSH

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WHAT IT MEANS TO BE BLACK

    1 Author(s):  K. THILAGAVATHY

Vol -  4, Issue- 3 ,         Page(s) : 278 - 293  (2013 ) DOI : https://doi.org/10.32804/IRJMSH

Abstract

The article vividly portrays the history of the problems and sufferings of the Blacks in America. The Blacks or the Afro-Americans were brought from their native land of Africa to America as slaves by the Europeans. They were treated in a dastardly manner by their masters. The Afro-Americans bitterly say that their manhood and womanhood were taken away by the Whites in exchange for the Bible. Their psyche was so much hurt that they suspected the Whites when they offered a hand shake towards integration. They wished to remain a separate ethnic entity like the Jews or the Chinese. They demanded to be recognized as a separate group with the rights to live with dignity and self-respect. Till the 18th century they had only oral literature. They started their written literature only in the second half of the 18th century. Poets like Phyllis Wheatley and dramatists like Langston Hughes and Lorraine Hansberry reflected their sentiments and emotions through their writings.

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1. Frank Hercules, American Society and the Black Revolution (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Javanovich Inc., (1972, PP. 58-59.
2. I bid., P.62
3. Ibid., P.62
4. Ibid., P.62.
5. Anne Terry White, Lost Worlds: Adventures in Archaeology (London: George G. Harrap& Co. Ltd., 1943), P. 185 (Diego de Landa, Second Bishop of Yucatan). 
6. Hercules, op. cit., p.73
7. Ibid., P.663
8. Conversation with Frances Welsing, Essence Oct. 1973, P. 51., in Virginia Tufte and Barbara MyerhoffChanging Images of Family (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1979), P. 271.
9. Kenneth B. Clark DarkGhetto : Dilemmas of Social Power (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), P. 70.
10. John Szwed, The politics of Afro-American Culture in Reinventing Anthropology ed. Dell Hymas (New York: Random House, 1972), PP. 166,67. 
11. Hercules, op. cit., P. 76
12. Ibid., p. 77
13. Ibid., pp. 77, 78
14. Ibid., P. 79.
15. The material for this and the following four paragraphs are borrowed from the booklet prepared by Frances Whitney and updated by Nathan Glick and published by the United states information service. 
16. Herbert C. Gutman, The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom 1750-1925 (1976) Appendix C., P. 533.
17. J.H.O. Dell, On the Transition from Civil Rights to Civil Equality, Freedomways, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1978, P. 68.
18. Ibid., p. 57 
19. Gerald David Jayne and Robin M. Williams Jr. A Common Destiny – black and American Society (Washington D.C. National Academy Press, 1989), P. 131.
20. Ibid., p. 136.
21. Ibid., P. 139.
22. Ibid., P. 141. 
23. Felix Sper, From Native Roots (Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers Ltd., 1948), P. 79.
24. Edith Olausen, American Woman Playwright (Troy, New York: The Whitston Publishing Co., 1981), P. 77, 
25. Hercules, Op. Cit., P. 15.
26. Ibid., P. 10.
27. Gerald W. Haslam, The Awakening of Amercian Negro Literature 1619-1900 in The Black American Writer, Vol. II, Poetry and Drama ed. C.W.E. Bigsby (Baltimore: Penguin books Inco., 1969), P. 41.
28. Darwin Turner, The Black Playwright in the Professional Theatre of the United States of America, in The Black American Writer ed. Bigsby, P. 113.
29. Ibid., P. 114.
30. Ibid., P. 126. 

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