International Research journal of Management Sociology & Humanities
( ISSN 2277 - 9809 (online) ISSN 2348 - 9359 (Print) ) New DOI : 10.32804/IRJMSH
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A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE MAGNITUDE AND IMPLICATIONS OF CORRUPTION IN PUNJAB
1 Author(s): MRS MANIPAL SANDHU
Vol - 4, Issue- 3 , Page(s) : 143 - 151 (2013 ) DOI : https://doi.org/10.32804/IRJMSH
Given its prevalence, corruption contributes no positive benefits to economic development, political institutions and social value. Corruption comes in innumerable shapes, forms and sizes. David H. Bayley, in his analysis on the effects of corruption in developing nations, identifies two major effects of corruption as (a) the direct or unmediated effects and (b) the indirect or meditated effects.57 Peter Eighers (Chairman, Transparency International) report in 2004 that “corruption leaves ordinary people without essential services, such as life-serving medicine, and deprives them of access to sanitation and housing. In short corruption costs lives.