Any nation’s strategy must answer some questions like what external forces threaten them? What can the national leadership do to protect them? And what is the nation’s core interest? In Russian foreign policy these questions remain crucial factors in its strategic partnership with other nations. In Putin’s grand strategy, foreign, economic and defense policies have been followed according to the need of Russia’s national interest. China continues a major player in Russian foreign policy since 1996 and Putin’s strategy gave it priority in order to establish “greater strategic partnership”. Behind the development of a strategy towards China by Putin lies the idea of a global strategy aiming to counter US hegemony, and to attain economic interdependence to secure the internal stability of Russia and to grow as an alternative to the western world. But China has different view regarding Putin strategy where it would like a strategic alliance, but simultaneously not have a direct confrontation with the west. Russia – China strategic partnership can be understood by two different scenarios. First is the “optimistic scenario” that shows a strong and stable collaboration between them at the international level. Second is “pessimistic scenario” that talks about the differences of their interests which are major causes of the weakening partnership between the Russia- China duo.